Bill of Rights: A statement of fundamental rights. The Bill of Rights is
not negotiable.
If you oppose it, you betray not only yourself, but all Americans
“Yes, there’s a systematic assault on the
Constitution, on the Bill of Rights without any justification,other than
political expediency in thinking you can profit off of frightening the people.” -
Bruce Fein -
Audio Excerpt From: The Erosion of the Constitution and The Right of Habeas Corpus, John
Whitehead - Bruce Fein
Watch The Full Video Below
James Madison
Author of theBill of Rights
1st Amendment
Freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly and to
petition
2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms
3rd Amendment
No soldier shall be housed in any home without the consent of the
owner
4th Amendment
Protection against illegal searches and
seizures
5th Amendment
Lists 5 important rights of people involved with the justice
system
warrant
An order from a judge that allows the police to take a certain
action (example: search)
self-incrimination
Giving testimony that can be used against
oneself
defendants
An accused person who is put on trial for a
crime
6th Amendment
Lists the rights to provide an accused person with a fair
trial
7th Amendment
People involve in a civil case have a right to a trial by
jury
8th Amendment
Concerns a person's rights before (bail) and after (punishment)
trial
9th Amendment
People retain certain rights not listed in the Bill of
Rights
10th Amendment
States Rights - Powers not given to the national governments by
the Constitution are "reserved to the states.... or to the people"
SOME BACKGROUND
“Yes, there’s a systematic assault on the
Constitution, on the Bill of Rights without any justification,other than
political expediency in thinking you can profit off of frightening the people.” -
Bruce Fein -
The Erosion of the Constitution
and The Right of Habeas Corpus
Friendly Fire with John Whitehead - Bruce Fein | Jun 25, 2007
Political maverick Bruce Fein tackles Congress, the erosion of the Constitution and the right of
habeas corpus in this Friendly Fire with John Whitehead. Fein, the former associate deputy attorney general under
President Ronald Reagan, commands impressive experience and influence in the corridors of both national and
international power. He is the chairman of the American Freedom Agenda, which works to restore the Constitution's
checks and balances and prevent abuses of power.
By Andrew P. Napolitano -
Wednesday, March 25, 2020
ANALYSIS/OPINION:
“Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither
Liberty nor Safety.”
— Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
One of my Fox colleagues recently sent me an email attachment of a painting of the framers signing
the Constitution of the United States. Except in this version, George Washington — who presided at the
Constitutional Convention — looks at James Madison — who was the scrivener at the Convention — and says, “None of
this counts if people get sick, right?”
In these days of state governors issuing daily decrees purporting to criminalize the exercise of
our personal freedoms, the words put into Washington’s mouth are only mildly amusing. Had Washington actually asked
such a question, Madison, of all people, would likely have responded: “No. This document protects our natural
rights at all times and under all circumstances.”
It is easy, 233 years later, to offer that hypothetical response, particularly since the Supreme
Court has done so already when, as readers of this column will recall, Abraham Lincoln suspended the
constitutionally guaranteed writ of habeas corpus — the right to be brought before a judge upon arrest — only to be
rebuked by the Supreme Court.
The famous line above by Benjamin Franklin, though uttered in a 1755 dispute between the
Pennsylvania legislature and the state’s governor over taxes, nevertheless provokes a truism.
Namely, that since our rights come from our humanity, not from the government, foolish people can
only sacrifice their own freedoms, not the freedoms of others.
Thus, freedom can only be taken away when the government proves fault at a jury trial. This
protection is called procedural due process, and it, too, is guaranteed in the Constitution.
Of what value is a constitutional guarantee if it can be violated when people get sick? If it can,
it is not a guarantee; it is a fraud. Stated differently, a constitutional guarantee is only as valuable and
reliable as is the fidelity to the Constitution of those in whose hands we have reposed it for safekeeping.
Because the folks in government, with very few exceptions, suffer from what St. Augustine called
libido dominandi — the lust to dominate — when they are confronted with the age-old clash of personal liberty
versus government force, they will nearly always come down on the side of force.
How do they get away with this? By scaring the daylights out of us. I never thought I’d see this in
my lifetime, though our ancestors saw this in every generation. In America today, we have a government of fear.
Machiavelli offered that men obey better when they fear you than when they love you. Sadly, he was right, and the
government in America knows this.
But Madison knew this as well when he wrote the Constitution. And he knew it four years later when
he wrote the Bill of Rights. He intentionally employed language to warn those who lust to dominate that, however
they employ governmental powers, the Constitution is “the Supreme Law of the Land” and all government behavior in
America is subject to it.
Even if the legislature of the State of New York ordered, as my friend Gov. Andrew Cuomo — who as
the governor, cannot write laws that incur criminal punishment — has ordered, it would be invalid as prohibited by
the Constitution.
This is not a novel or an arcane argument. This is fundamental American law. Yet, it is being
violated right before our eyes by the very human beings we have elected to uphold it. And each of them — every
governor interfering with the freedom to make one’s own choices — has taken an express oath to comply with the
Constitution.
You want to bring the family to visit grandma? You want to engage in a mutually beneficial, totally
voluntary commercial transaction? You want to go to work? You want to celebrate Mass? These are all now prohibited
in one-third of the United States.
I tried and failed to find Mass last Sunday. When did the Catholic Church become an agent of the
state? How about an outdoor Mass?
What is the nature of freedom? It is an unassailable natural claim against all others, including
the government. Stated differently, it is your unconditional right to think as you wish, to say what you think, to
publish what you say, to associate with whomever wishes to be with you no matter their number, to worship or not,
to defend yourself, to own and use property as you see fit, to travel where you wish, to purchase from a willing
seller, to be left alone. And to do all this without a government permission slip.
What is the nature of government? It is the negation of freedom. It is a monopoly of force in a
designated geographic area. When elected officials fear that their base is slipping, they will feel the need to do
something — anything — that will let them claim to be enhancing safety. Trampling liberty works for that odious
purpose. Hence a decree commanding obedience, promising safety and threatening punishment.
These decrees — issued by those who have no legal authority to issue them, enforced by cops who
hate what they are being made to do, destructive of the freedoms that our forbearers shed oceans of blood to
preserve and crushing economic prosperity by violating the laws of supply and demand — should all be rejected by an
outraged populace, and challenged in court.
These challenges are best filed in federal courts, where those who have trampled our liberties will
get no special quarter. I can tell you from my prior life as a judge that most state governors fear nothing more
than an intellectually honest, personally courageous, constitutionally faithful federal judge.
Fight fear with fear.
Andrew P. Napolitano, a former judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey, is a regular contributor
to The Washington Times. He is the author of nine books on the U.S. Constitution.
Look Into It | Apr 18, 2020
What good are constitutional rights if they are violated when Americans get sick?
By Andrew P. Napolitano - Wednesday, March 25, 2020
ANALYSIS/OPINION:
“Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither
Liberty nor Safety.” — Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
One of my Fox colleagues recently sent me an email attachment of a painting of the framers signing
the Constitution of the United States. Except in this version, George Washington — who presided at the
Constitutional Convention — looks at James Madison — who was the scrivener at the Convention — and says, “None of
this counts if people get sick, right?”
In these days of state governors issuing daily decrees purporting to criminalize the exercise of
our personal freedoms, the words put into Washington’s mouth are only mildly amusing. Had Washington actually asked
such a question, Madison, of all people, would likely have responded: “No. This document protects our natural
rights at all times and under all circumstances.”
----------------------
Excerpts Read by Chuck Baldwin: Sermon Titled: "The Plague Of His Own Heart"
Lookintoit.org Disclaimer: The information posted is for educational purposes, and as with
all videos and articles on this site, doesn't necessarily constitute an endorsement of all an author's views and
opinions.
The Bill of Rights are under attack, we must restore our nation again!
Fourth Turning
Strauss & Howe's 1991 book "Generations" presented a cyclical theory of history,
driven and timed to generations. It predicted the timing of the financial crisis that hit about 18 years later. In
their 1997 book, "The Fourth Turning" they elaborated on the theory and focused on the crisis phase we have now
entered — a phase of societal revolution that has usually brought war, in a trend they established back to the
mid-1400's.
This report was originally uploaded in Jan 2013.
Trump Administration Wants
Permanent Repeal of the 4th Amendment
RonPaulLibertyReport
Published on Aug 19, 2019
Departing Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats sent Congress a letter requesting that
several features of the misnamed USA FREEDOM Act be made permanent, allowing the US government to spy in Americans
in perpetuity. The Trump Administration wants to be able to intercept phone calls and text messages as well as
snoop into business records and other violations of the Fourth Amendment. The FREEDOM Act was passed after Ed
Snowden revealed that the NSA was illegally spying on American citizens. Falsely advertised as "reform," the
replacement bill only made "legal" the illegality of the PATRIOT Act. Will Americans find the will to oppose this
creeping tyranny?
Carroll Quigley, Georgetown University Professor and mentor to former president Bill Clinton, explained in his
books Tragedy and Hope and The Anglo-American Establishment, how the elite maintained a silent dictatorship while
fooling people into thinking they had political freedom, by creating squabbles between the two parties in terms of
slogans and leadership, while all the time controlling both from the top down and pursuing the same
agenda.
A national emergency declaration, and many others on the state and local level
too. Looking at the leading constitutionalist views of what can and can't be done.
"I believe there are
more instances of the abridgement of the freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments
of those in power than by violent and sudden usurpation." - James Madison
-
"The essence of
government is power; and power, lodged as it must be in human hands,
will ever be liable to abuse." - James Madison -
"The people didn't
fight the British to be brought under despotic rule under the notion of
'strong government,' or in form of elective despotism." - Richard Henry
Lee -
Natural Rights: Liberty Doesn't Need a Government Permission
Slip
Even though many people credit Thomas Jefferson for the natural rights principles in the
Declaration of Independence, Jefferson himself pointed out that he didn’t invent those ideas. Instead, he wrote, he
had adopted the "harmonizing sentiments of the day," views which were widely accepted and understood. From 1764 to
1776, Americans produced a rich series of pamphlets, resolutions and speeches which he based those principles
on.
"We have arrived at a period in American and world history when being awake is
of utmost importance. Being in a position of leadership and yet asleep to critical issues at such a time will
certainly lead to the ‘disastrous results..."
-- An excerpt from, Asleep At The Switch:
An Open Letter to America's Pastors
It is easy to be distracted right now by the circus politics that dominate the news headlines. But
stop being distracted. Don’t be fooled, not even a little, no matter how tempting it seems to just take a peek.
Why? We’re being subjected to the oldest con game in the books, the magician’s sleight of hand that keeps you
focused on the shell game in front of you while your wallet is being picked clean by ruffians in your midst. As
John W. Whitehead warns in this episode of On Target, this is how tyranny rises and freedom falls. https://www.rutherford.org
Nonstop propaganda
from national media continues to frighten people into mental paralysis and submission to health
authorities. This Technocrat-led tsunami can only be resisted by individuals who refuse to play their assigned role in the Great Panic of
2020.
Dr. Benjamin
Rush
"Education is favorable to Liberty. Freedom can only
exist in a society of knowledge.Without learning, men are incapable of knowing their rights, and where learning is confined to a
few people, Liberty can neither be equal nor universal."
MAN ON THE STREET WITH MARK
DICE
Lookintoit.org Disclaimer: The information posted is for educational purposes, and as
with all videos and articles on this site, doesn't necessarily constitute an endorsement of all an author's views
and opinions.
Obama Supporters
Petition to Repeal
theFIRST
AMENDMENT. Seriously! Watch!
Obama Supporters Petition to Repeal the FIRST AMENDMENT. Seriously. They Did. Watch.
Obama Supporters Sign Petition to Repeal
theBILL OF
RIGHTS to Support the President
Mark Dice asks California beach goers if they'll sign a petition showing support for Obama in his
quest to repeal the Bill of Rights.
People sign
petition to "increase inflation to 100%"
to causehyperinflation.
Mark Dice is a media analyst, political activist, and author who
likes to cause trouble for the New World Order, Big Brother, and the elite Illuminati scumbags. Check out his books
in paperback on Amazon.com,
or ebooks on Kindle, Nook, iBooks or Google Play.
Obama Care Supporters Petition to "Add Carcinogens"
to the Water Supply (Cancer Causing Chemicals)
Obama Care Supporters Sign Petition to "Add Carcinogens" Into the Water Supply To Help Keep
Health Care Costs Down.
"Mandatory Euthanasia" for Senior Citizens to Be Part of Obama Care? Media analyst and author
Mark Dice asks random people if they'll sign a petition to support the "mandatory" euthanasia provision in Obama
Care to help keep healthcare costs down by putting senior citizens to sleep. Shot in San Diego, California.
Obama Care Supporters Plan to Add Birth Control to
Water Supply
Obama Care Supporters Sign Petition to Add Sterilants to Water Supply To Reduce
Birthrates.
Political prankster Mark Dice asks San Diego beach-goers if they'll sign a petition supporting
"the Police State" which includes "Orwellian" and "Nazi-Style"
tactics to "keep Americans safe" in this "Brave New World."
Zombified Youth Of America Believe
Martin Luther King Died Last Week In A Car Accident
Will “probably catch the funeral on TV”
Steve Watson
Infowars.com
Nov 11, 2013
Activist prankster Mark Dice is back with another video
this week, highlighting the ongoing zombification of the youth of America as he asks people for their reaction to
the “recent death of Martin Luther King”.
Of course, the iconic civil rights leader was assassinated some 45 years ago now, but not one single person Dice
interviewed seemed aware of this fact. Indeed they fully believed Dice when he told them that King had been run
over by a car in Washington DC and died of internal injuries at the age of 84.
“I think it’s bad that he died, but other that that, y’know we just got to move forward from here, y’know and
just change things.” said one man, stuttering over his scrambled response.
“That’s too bad, I don’t know what to say,” added another man, clearly unaware of who King was or what he stood
for.”
“A lot of my friends are black people, I love black
people.” said another man.
While some of those Dice interviewed knew who King was, they seemed blissfully unaware that King died in 1968,
shot down in Memphis after devoting 13 years of his life to the civil rights movement.
“I just think a lot of people can learn from him, and his legacy should continue on.” another person told Dice,
ignorant of the fact that the Nobel Peace Prize winner’s legacy has been living on for four decades already.
When Dice asked another man if he would be attending King’s funeral next week, he replied “No, but I wish I
could though. I can’t make it.”
“I don’t know,” replied another, adding “where is the funeral? I would but I don’t have any money. I’ll probably
just watch it on TV.”
“I will be watching.” said another man who declared that MLK had “done a lot for African Americans.”
When King was assassinated, Americans took to the streets as riots broke out in many U.S. cities. Clearly, as
Dice’s video demonstrates, should any leading anti-establishment figure be killed today, the majority would
probably opt to watch TV, or skateboard instead.
Dice also recently gathered many signatures on a petition to grant President Obama
complete immunity to
commit any crimes he wishes while in office.
—————————————————————-
Steve Watson is the London based writer and editor for Alex Jones’ Infowars.com, and
Prisonplanet.com. He has a Masters Degree in International Relations from the School of Politics at The University
of Nottingham, and a Bachelor Of Arts Degree in Literature and Creative Writing from Nottingham Trent
University.
This article was posted: Monday, November 11, 2013 at 12:42 pm
Students Sign Petition To Have Gun
Owners Executed In Concentration Camps
College kids To Activist Prankster: “No Problem!” “sounds
about right.”
Steve Watson
Infowars.com
February 3, 2014
Political prankster Mark Dice has once again documented how
many young Americans are completely disconnected from reality, capturing California college students signing a fake
petition to imprison all legal gun owners in concentration camps and even to have them executed.
“We just want to make sure we disarm the citizens. We can trust the government to be the only ones with guns.”
Dice said to students on campus in San Diego, while they unquestioningly signed the petition to “repeal the Second
Amendment.”
“These peasants don’t need guns,” Dice stated, adding “We want to put all registered gun owners in prison,”
prompting one student to replay “Yes, it’s too dangerous.” for people to own guns.
“It’s just a simple repeal of the Second Amendment and we’ll be terminating and executing all of the gun
owners.” Dice told another signatory who replied “OK, thank you.” and walked off.
“We are going to ban all guns except for the military and
police.” Dice told another student, who signed the petition. “We’ll do door to door confiscations, we have lists of
all the registered weapons, so the military will just go and take those away from people.” Dice added. “Ok.” the
student replied.
Another male student signed the petition even though Dice suggested confiscating gun owners’ weapons and
shooting them with them. “If they like their guns so much, lets just feed the gun owners some of their own lead.”
Dice ludicrously said.
“I didn’t think I could get any more ridiculous.” Dice stated after the student thanked him and went about his
day.
But he did get more ridiculous. “We need to take these gun owners and put them into FEMA concentration camps to
keep everybody safe.” Dice told a skateboarding jock who replied “well I agree with you there, keep them safe.”
Although he refused to sign “something I don’t know anything about,” which is something the next student did not
consider as he replied “sounds about right” to Dice’s FEMA camp suggestion.
Several other students then happily signed the petition, with responses such as “no problem!” as Dice suggested
putting Americans in detention camps and killing them.
Steve Watson is the London based writer and editor for Alex Jones’ Infowars.com, and Prisonplanet.com. He has a Masters Degree in International Relations from the School of
Politics at The University of Nottingham, and a Bachelor Of Arts Degree in Literature and Creative Writing from
Nottingham Trent University.
This article was posted: Monday, February 3, 2014 at 12:33 pm
VIDEO: Students FAIL To Name Any of
The Bill Of Rights “Shame On You”: American
youth has no clue about their own freedoms
Steve Watson
Infowars.com
February 14, 2014
Highlighting how woefully out of touch with US freedoms
and rights the youth of America is, Students at UC San Diego failed to name any of the Bill Of Rights when
questioned by activist Mark Dice during a recent campus visit.
As Dice grabbed passing students to ask them about their knowledge of the first ten amendments to the US
Constitution, he drew a mixture of blank expressions and excuses.
“Can you name some of the Bill Of Rights?” Dice asked a male student.
“Dude, I think I need to take a quiz.” the student replied, clearly desperate to get away because he did not
know any of the Bill Of Rights.
“I’m quizzing you right now… and this quiz I’m giving you right now is way more important than whatever quiz
you’re taking in a few minutes.” Dice told the student.
“I have homework due in two hours.” another student
responded, before admitting he could not name any of first ten amendments.
“You’re a college student at one of the most prestigious in Southern California, and you don’t know the basic
Bill Of Rights, shame on you.” Dice told the young man.
“Yeah, yeah, I agree.” the student agreed looking completely mortified.
“Oh I don’t know anything about that.” said a female student to Dice’s remark that he was talking about the Bill
Of Rights.
“You’re going to make me feel embarrassed,” the girl said while laughing as Dice told her she is “part of the
problem,” and “the reason this country is going down the toilet.”
“I remember studying it, but I don’t remember it,” another student listlessly stated before making the same
tired excuse of “I have to go study.”
“Are you going to study the Bill of Rights given that you don’t know them,” Dice responded. “No I’m going to
study economics,” the student said, prompting Dice to reply “Sure, you’re going to do good in that when you don’t
even know The Bill Of Rights.”
Of all the people Dice was able to interview on camera, one student was able to name “Freedom of Speech” as part
of the Bill Of Rights, before stating “and that’s the only one I know.”
“So you just earned a 10%, that’s a big failure,” Dice told him, to which the student said “I’m sorry, how about
you name ten of them,” prompting Dice to rattle off all ten amendments in quick succession.
“Gotcha, impressive. I appreciate all that information.” The student told Dice before shaking his hand.
Just two weeks ago, Media analyst Dice documented how many young Americans are completely disconnected from
reality, capturing students signing a fake petition to imprison all legal gun owners in concentration camps and
even to have them executed.
Dice continues to call out Americans and highlight the ignorance of many, in an effort to demonstrate how the
value of basic freedoms is being destroyed.
—————————————————————-
Steve Watson is the London based writer and editor for Alex Jones’ Infowars.com, and
Prisonplanet.com. He has a Masters Degree in International Relations from the School of Politics at The University
of Nottingham, and a Bachelor Of Arts Degree in Literature and Creative Writing from Nottingham Trent
University.
This article was posted: Monday, February 17, 2014 at 11:40 am
Video: Americans Want Obama to Repeal the Bill of Rights
Respondents blithely agree that liberties should be
completely eviscerated in the name of fighting ISIS
by Paul Joseph Watson | January 26, 2015
Beachgoers in San Diego blithely agreed that President
Barack Obama should be given the power to completely repeal the Bill of Rights in the name of fighting ISIS in
another disturbing insight into the unthinking malaise of many Americans.
Told by media analyst and author Mark Dice
that Obama had announced he was to repeal the Bill of Rights in order to “help make sure that we can keep everybody
safe here in the homeland,” almost all the respondents agreed that eliminating constitutional rights was perfectly
reasonable.
Asked, “Is that the right decision – should we get behind Obama to make sure the ISIS threat
doesn’t rear its head here in America?,” one man responded, “Yeah I would agree with that,” before adding, “Only
time will tell whether it’s the right or wrong decision,” agreeing with Dice that Obama’s political advisors “know
what’s best”.
When another woman was told that both Republicans and Democrats were supporting the move to repeal
the Bill of Rights, she responded, “Well if they’re agreeing on something then maybe it is a good thing,” before
Dice adds, “It’s what’s best for the new world order.” “Well, let’s do it, let’s get behind it” urges the
woman.
Given “what happened overseas in Paris,” another man agrees that if the “experts” think the Bill of
Rights should be repealed then Americans should support the move.
Dice then interviews a woman who “absolutely” supports the move to repeal the Bill of Rights “for
our own good” and to stop ISIS attacks. The woman then admits she is drunk and probably shouldn’t be doing
interviews.
Another man unflinchingly expressed his view that it would be “best for the country” to repeal the
Bill of Rights and “modernize” the new world order. “That sounds great to me,” he exclaims.
“Whatever he wants to do it’s probably best for the country,” agrees another woman before adding,
“Go Obama!”
Dice’s video once again underscores how Americans will dispense with critical thinking and go along
with virtually anything if asked about it in a calm and assertive manner. Note how Dice nods his head as he is
asking the question, prompting instantaneous fealty and obsequiousness from each individual.
Last
week, Dice also trolled San Diegans by telling them that Martin Luther King, who was murdered nearly 47 years
ago, had just died. Instead of correcting him, the respondents went on to concur with several other erroneous
claims, such as King being the first African-American to walk on the moon and the first African-American to appear
on Mt. Rushmore.
The beachgoers seem to be particularly fervent about relinquishing constitutional rights. In number
of separate videos, Dice gets them to agree to repealing the 1st amendment, the 4th amendment and the 5th amendment.
In another
segment, college students sign a petition to imprison all registered gun owners, while in another
video San Diegans support a move to confiscate guns from Tea Party members and repeal the 2nd
amendment.
XI. Restriction of judicial powers, proposed Mar. 5, 1794, adopted
Jan.
8, 1798.
XII. Manner of electing the president and vice president, proposed
Dec.
12, 1803, adopted Sept. 25, 1904.
XIII. Slavery and involuntary servitude prohibited, took effect* Dec.
18, 1865.
XIV. Citizenship and status defined, privilege of
2nd, 3rd, or whatever status of citizenship one
selects for oneself, as opposed to Freeholder with full sovereign
rights; apportionment of
representatives; who is prohibited from holding office; public debt.
Caution: There is
serious doubt as to the legality of this amendment because of the
manner of ratification
which was highly suspect. At least 10 States were held by force of
arms until the proper
authorities agreed to vote for this amendment. An excellent overview
of this was written by
the Utah Supreme Court -- 439 Pacific Reporter 2d Series pp 266-276,
and for a more
detailed account of how the 14thamendment was forced upon the Nation see articles in
11
S.C. L. Q. 484 and 28 Tul. L. Rev. 22., took effect July 28,
1868.
XV. Non Freeholders given right to vote, took effect Mar. 30,
1870.
XVI. Income tax, took effect Feb. 25, 1913, possibly only four states
ratified it properly.
XVII. Direct elections of senators; electors; vacancies in the
senate, took effect May 31, 1913.
This moved us from a complex Republic to a simple Republic much like
the style of
government of the Soviet Union. State rights were lost and we were
plunged headlong into
a democracy of which our forefathers warned was the vilest form of
government because it
always ends in oppression.
XVIII. Prohibition of liquor traffic, took effect Jan. 29,
1920.
XIX. Voting for women, took effect Aug. 27, 1920.
XX. Terms of the president, vice president, senators and
representatives; date of assembling of
congress, vacancies of the president, power of congress in
presidential succession, took
effect Feb. 6, 1933.
XXI. Eighteenth Article repealed; took effect Dec. 5,
1933.
XXII. Limits of the presidential term, took effect mar. 1,
1951.
XXIII. Electors for the District of Columbia, took effect April 3,
1961.
XXIV. Failure to pay any tax does not deny one the right to vote,
took effect Feb. 4, 1964.
XXV. Filling the office of the president or vice president during a
vacancy, took effect Feb. 23,
1967.
XXVI. Right to vote at 18, took effect July 5, 1971.
•Took effect is used as there is a great deal of suspicion as to the
nature of these
amendments (common law vs equity), also whether the last 16
amendments are legal,
how many were ratified correctly, do they create a federal
constitution in opposition to
the original, etc. For further studies a good place to begin is with
the article by the Utah
Supreme Court on the 14thamendment, 439 Pacific Reporter 2d Series, pp 266-276,
and
Senate Doc. 240.
In Congress, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America
When in the Course of
human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the
political bands which have
connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the
earth, the separate and
equal station to which, the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God
entitle them, a decent respect to
the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes
which impel them to the
separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are
Life, Liberty and the pursuit
of Happiness.
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men,
deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed.
That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these
ends, it is the Right of
the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
Government, laying its foundation on
such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them
shall seem most likely to
effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate
that Governments long
established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and
accordingly all experience
hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are
sufferable, than to right
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But
when a long train of
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces
a design to reduce them
under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to
throw off such Government, and to
provide new Guards for their future security.
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is
now the necessity which
constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The
history of the present King
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations,
all having in direct object the
establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove
this, let Facts be submitted to
a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary
for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless
suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and
when so suspended, he has
utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless
those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the
Legislature, a right inestimable
to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
uncomfortable, and distant from the
depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing
them into compliance with
his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with
manly firmness his
invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected; whereby
the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to
the People at large for their
exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the
dangers of invasion from
without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for
that purpose obstructing the
Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to
encourage their migrations
hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of
Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his
Assent to Laws for establishing
Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of
their offices, and the amount
and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of
Officers to harass our
People, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the
Consent of our
legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to
the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign
to our constitution, and
unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of
pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders
which they should
commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by
Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended
offences:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring
Province, establishing therein
an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render
it at once an example and
fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these
Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and
altering fundamentally
the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves
invested with power to legislate
for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his
Protection and waging War
against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and
destroyed the Lives of our
people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries
to compleat the works of
death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of
Cruelty & perfidy scarcely
paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head
of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas
to bear Arms against
their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and
Brethren, or to fall themselves by
their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured
to bring on the
inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose
known rule of warfare, is an
undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and
conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in
the most humble terms:
Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A
Prince, whose character
is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be
the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We
have warned them from
time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.
We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and
settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have
conjured them by the ties of our
common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably
interrupt our
connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice
of justice and of
consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which
denounces our
Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in
War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America,
in General Congress,
Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the
rectitude of our intentions, do,
in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies,
solemnly publish and
declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be
Free and Independent States;
that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and
that all political
connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought
to be totally dissolved;
and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy
War, conclude Peace,
contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and
Things which
Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this
Declaration, with a firm
reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge
to each other our Lives,
our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
SIGNERS OF THE UNANIMOUS
DECLARATION
According to the Authenticated List
printed by
Order of Congress of January 18, 1877
JOHN HANCOCK.
New Hampshire
JOSIAH BARTLETT
WILLIAM WHIPPLE
MATTHEW THORNTON
Massachusetts-Bay
SAMUEL ADAMS
JOHN ADAMS
ROBERT TREAT PAINE
ELBRIDGE GERRY
Rhode Island
STEPHEN HOPKINS
WILLIAM ELLERY
Connecticut
ROGER SHERMAN
SAMUEL HUNTINGTON
WILLIAM WILLIAMS
OLIVER WOLCOTT
Georgia
BUTTON GWINNETT
LYMAN HALL
GEO. WALTON
Maryland
SAMUEL CHASE
WILLIAM PACA
THOMAS STONE
CHARLES CARROLL
OF CARROLLTON
Virginia
GEORGE WYTHE
RICHARD HENRY LEE
THOMAS JEFFERSON
BENJAMIN HARRISON
THOMAS NELSON, JR.
FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT
LEE CARTER BRAXTON.
New York
WILLIAM FLOYD
PHILIP LIVINGSTON
FRANCIS LEWIS
LEWIS MORRIS
Pennsylvania
ROBERT MORRIS
BENJAMIN RUSH
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
JOHN MORTON
GEORGE CLYMER
JAMES SMITH
GEORGE TAYLOR
JAMES WILSON
GEORGE ROSS
Delaware
CAESAR RODNEY
GEORGE READ
THOMAS M’KEAN
North Carolina
WILLIAM HOOPER
JOSEPH HEWES
JOHN PENN
South Carolina
EDWARD RUTLEDGE
THOMAS HEYWARD, JR.
THOMAS LYNCH, JR.
ARTHUR MIDDLETON
New Jersey
RICHARD STOCKTON
JOHN WITHERSPOON
FRANCIS HOPKINS
JOHN HART
ABRAHAM CLARK
YOUR TURN!
You—as a juror—armed merely with the
knowledge of what a COMMON LAW JURY really
is and what your common law rights, powers and duties really are, can
do more to re-establish
“liberty and justice for all” in this State and ultimately throughout
all of the United States than
all out Senators and Representatives put together. Why? Because even
without the
concurrence of any of your fellow jurors in a criminal trial, you,
with your single vote of “NOT
GUILTY” can nullify every rule or “law” that is not in accordance
with the principles of
natural, God-given, Common, or Constitutional Law. It is precisely
this power of nullification
that makes the trial by JURY one of our most important RIGHTS. It can
protect and preserve
all of the citizen’s other RIGHTS.
The CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
Preamble
WE THE PEOPLE* of the United States, in order to form a more
perfect union, ESTABLISH
JUSTICE, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common
defence, promote the general
welfare, and SECURE THE BLESSINGS OF LIBERTY TO OURSELVES AND
OUR
POSTERITY, do ORDAIN and ESTABLISH this Constitution for the United
States of
America.
•Originally, the
Constitution had no title but simply began “We the People...”
ARTICLE I
SECTION 1. ALL LEGISLATIVE POWERS HEREIN GRANTED SHALL BE VESTED IN
A
CONGRESS of the UnitedStates, which shall consist of a Senate and a
House of
Representatives.
SECTION 2. The house of Representatives shall be composed of Members
chosen every
second Year by the people of the several states, and the electors in
each state shall have the
Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous branch of
the State Legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to
the Age of twenty-five
Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who
shall not, when elected, be
an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and DIRECT TAXES SHALL BE APPORTIONED AMONG THE
SEVERAL
STATES which may be included within this Union, according to their
respective Numbers,
which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of FREE
PERSONS, including
those bound to Service for a term of Years, and excluding Indians not
taxed, three fifths of all
other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three
Years after the first Meeting
of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent
Term of ten Years, in such
Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives
shall not exceed one for
every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at Least one
Representative; and until such
enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be
entitled to chuse three, Rhode
Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York
six, New Jersey four,
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North
Carolina five, South
Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the
Executive Authority thereof
shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other
Officers; and shall have the
sole Power of Impeachment.
SECTION 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each
State, [chosen by the legislature thereof] 3 for six years; and each
Senator shall have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first
Election, they shall be
divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The seats of the
Senators of the first Class shall
be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second class
at the Expiration of the
fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth
Year, so that one-third may be
chosen every second Year; [and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or
otherwise, during the
Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may
make temporary
Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall
then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age
of thirty Years, and been
nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when
elected, be an Inhabitant of
that State for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote,
unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro
tempore, in the absence of
the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President
of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose,
they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the
United States is tried, the Chief
Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the
concurrence of two-thirds of
the members present.
Judgement in case of impeachment shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and
disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or
profit under the United States;
but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to
indictment, trial, judgement
and punishment, according to law.
Sect. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for
senators and representatives,
shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the
Congress may at any time by
law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of
chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall be on the first
Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different
day.
Sect. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and
qualifications of its own
members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do
business, but a smaller number
may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the
attendance of absent
members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house shall
provide.
Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly
behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a
member.
Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same,
excepting such parts as may in their judgement require secrecy; and
the yeas and nays of the
members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of
one-fifth of those present, be
entered on the journal.
Neither house, during the sessions of Congress, shall without the
consent of the other, adjourn
for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which
the two houses shall be
sitting.
Sect. 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a
compensation for their services, to be
ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United
States. They shall in all cases,
except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from
arrest during their attendance
at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and
returning from the same; and for
any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in
any other place.
No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to
any civil office under the authority of the United States, which
shall have been created, or the
emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no
person holding any
office under the United States, shall be a member of either house
during his continuance in
office.
Sect. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house
of representatives; but the
senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other
bills.
Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and
the senate, shall before it
become law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he
approve he shall sign it,
but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house it
which it shall have originated,
who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed
to reconsider it. If after
such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the
bill, it shall be sent,
together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall
likewise be reconsidered, and
if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But
in all such cases the votes of
both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of
the persons voting for and
against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house
respectively. If any bill shall not be
returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it
shall have been presented
to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed
it, unless the Congress by
their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a
law.
Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of
Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of
adjournment) shall be presented to
the President of the United States; and before the same shall take
effect, shall be approved by
him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of
the Senate and House of
Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in
the case of a bill.
Sect. 8.. The Congress shall have power:
To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the
debts and provide for the
common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all
duties, imposts and excises
shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
states, and with the Indian
tribes;
To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies
throughout the United States;
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
fix the standard of weights
and measures;
To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United
States;
To establish post offices and post roads;
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
limited times to authors and
inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and
discoveries;
To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court;
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
seas, and offences against the
law of nations;
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on
land and water;
To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that
use shall be for a longer
term than two years;
To provide and maintain a navy;
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval
forces;
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
union, suppress insurrections
and repel invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and
for governing such part of
them as may be employed in the service of the United States,
reserving to the States
respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of
training the militia according
to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over
such
district (not exceeding ten square miles) as may, by cession of
particular
States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government
of
the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places
purchased
by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same
shall be,
for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and
other
needful buildings; - And
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing
powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the
government of the United States,
or in any department or officer thereof.
Sect. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
states now existing shall
think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior
to the year one thousand
eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such
importation, not exceeding
ten dollars for each person.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in cases of
rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in
proportion to the census or
enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No
preference shall be given for
any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over
those of another: nor shall
vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or
pay duties in another.
No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of
appropriations made by law;
and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures
of all public money shall
be published from time to time.
No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no
person holding any office of
profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the
Congress, accept of any present,
emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king,
prince, or foreign state.
Sect. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
confederation; grant letters of marque
and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but
gold and silver coin a tender
in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law,
or law impairing the
obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or
duties on imports or exports,
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
laws; and the net produce
of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports,
shall be for the use of the
Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to
the revision and control of
the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay
any duty of tonnage, keep
troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or
compact with another state,
or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded,
or in such imminent danger
as will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II
Sect. 1. The executive power shall be
vested in a president of the United States of America. He
shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together
with the vice-president, chosen
for the same term, be elected as follows.
Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof
may direct, a number of
electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives
to which the state may be
entitled in the Congress: but no senator or representative, or person
holding an office of trust or
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an
elector.
The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by
ballot for two persons, of whom
one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with
themselves. And they shall make a
list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for
each; which list they shall sign
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the
United States, directed to
the president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in
the presence of the senate and
House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted. The
person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if
such number be a majority
of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than
one who have such
majority, and have an equal number of votes, the house of
representatives shall immediately
chose by ballot one of them for president; and if no person have a
majority, then from the five
highest on the list the said house shall in like manner chose the
president. But in choosing the
president, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from
each state having one vote; a
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from
two-thirds of the states,
and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In
every case, after the choice of
the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the
electors shall be the vicepresident.
But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the
senator shall chose
from them by ballot the vice-president.
The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
day on which they shall
give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United
States.
No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United
States, at the time of the
adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of
president; neither shall any person
be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of
thirty-five years, and been
fourteen years a resident within the United States.
In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death,
resignation, or inability to
discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall
devolve on the vice-president,
and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
resignation or inability,
both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer
shall then act as president, and
such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed,
or a president shall be
elected.
The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a
compensation, which shall neither
be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have
been elected, and he shall
not receive within that period any other emolument from the United
States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation:
“I DO SOLEMNLY SWEAR (OR AFFIRM).THAT I WILL FAITHFULLY EXECUTE
THE
OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AND WILL TO THE BEST OF
MY
ABILITY, PRESERVE, PROTECT AND DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE
UNITED STATES.”
Sect. 2. The president shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of the United States,
and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual
service of the United States;
he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in
each of the executive
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices, and he shall have
power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United
States, except in cases of
impeachment.
He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
senate, to make treaties,
provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall
nominate, and by and with the
advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other
public ministers and consuls,
judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United
States, whose appointments are
not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by
law. But the Congress
may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they
think proper, in the president
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of
departments.
The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
happen during the recess of the
senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of
their next session.
Sect. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information
of the state of the union,
and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge
necessary and expedient;
he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of
them, and in case of
disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment,
he may adjourn them to
such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and
other public ministers; he
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall
commission all the officers of the
United States.
Sect. 4. The president, vice-president and all civil officers of the
United States, shall be
removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
bribery, or other high
crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III
Sect. 1. The judicial power of the
United States, shall be vested in one supreme court, and in
such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and
establish. The judges,
both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices
during good behavior, and shall,
at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which
shall not be diminished during
their continuance in office.
Sect. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
equity, arising under this
constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or
which shall be made, under
their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls; to all
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to
which the United States shall
be a party; to controversies between two or more states, between a
state and Citizens of another
state, between Citizens of different states, between Citizens of the
same state claiming lands
under grants of different States, and between a state, or the
Citizens thereof and foreign States,
Citizens or subjects.
In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, and those in which a
state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original
jurisdiction. In all the other cases
before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate
jurisdiction, both as to law and fact,
with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress
shall make.
The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury; and such trial shall be
held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;
but when not committed
within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the
Congress may by law have
directed.
Sect. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in
levying war against them, or in
adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person
shall be convicted of treason
unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on
open confession in open
court.
The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
but no attainder of treason
shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life
of the person attainted.
ARTICLE IV
Sect. 1. Full faith and credit shall be
given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial
proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general
laws prescribe the manner
in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the
effect thereof.
Sect. 2. The Citizens of each state shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of Citizens
in the several states.
A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall flee from justice,
and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive
authority of the state from
which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having
jurisdiction of the crime.
No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws
thereof, escaping into another,
shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged
from such service or
labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such
service or labour may be
due.
Sect. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union;
but no new state shall be
formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any
state be formed by the
junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the
consent of the legislatures of the
states concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
rules and regulations
respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United
States; and nothing in this
Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the
United States, or of any
particular state.
Sect. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this
union a Republican form of
government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on
application of the
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be
convened) against domestic
violence.
ARTICLE V.
The Congress, whenever two-thirds of
both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose
amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of two-thirds
of the several states, shall
call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case,
shall be valid to all intents
and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the
legislatures of three-fourths of
the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as
the one or the other mode of
ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided, that no
amendment which may be
made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in
any manner affect the first
and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and
that no state, without its consent,
shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate.
ARTICLE VI
All debts contracted and engagements
entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution,
shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution,
as under the confederation.
This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof;
and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of
the United States, shall be
the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be
bound thereby, any thing in
the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary
notwithstanding.
The senators and representatives beforementioned, and the members of
the several state
legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the
United States and of the several
States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this
constitution; but no religious test
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public
trust under the United States.
ARTICLE VII
The ratification of the conventions of
nine States, shall be sufficient for the establishment of
this constitution between the States so ratifying the
same.
Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present,
the seventeenth day of
September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
eighty-seven, and of the
independence of the United States the twelfth. In witness whereof we
have hereunto subscribed
our Names.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, president,
And Deputy from Virginia.
In CONVENTION,
Monday, September 17th, 1787.
PRESENT
The States of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton
from New-York,
New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
North-Carolina, South-Carolina and
Georgia:
RESOLVED,
That the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in
Congress assembled, and
that it is the opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards
be submitted to a Convention
of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the
Recommendation of its
legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each
Convention assenting to, and
ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States
in Congress assembled.
Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as
the Conventions of nine
States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in
Congress assembled should fix a
Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall
have ratified the same,
and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the
President, and the Time and
Place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after
such Publication the
Electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives
elected: That the Electors
should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President, and
should transmit their Votes
certified, signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution requires,
to the Secretary of the United
States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives
should convene at the
Time and Place assigned; that the Senators should appoint a President
of the Senate, for the sole
Purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for President;
and, that after he shall be
chosen, the Congress, together with the President, should, without
Delay, proceed to execute
this Constitution.
By the Unanimous Order of the Convention,
GEORGE WASHINGTON, President,
WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary
New-Hampshire John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King
Connecticut William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman
New-York Alexander Hamilton
New-Jersey William Livingston, David Brearley, William Paterson,
Jonathan Dayton,
Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Miffin, Robert Morris, George
Clymer,
Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur
Morris,
Delaware George Read, Gunning Bedford, Junior, John
Dickinson,
Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom.
Maryland James M’Henry, Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel
Carrol
Virginia John Blair, James Madison, Junior
North-Carolina William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh
Williamson.
South-Carolina John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles
Pinckney, Pierce
Butler.
Georgia William Few, Abraham Baldwin.
attest, William Jackson, Secretary
The BILL OF RIGHTS
As provided in the FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE
UNITED STATES Effective December 15, 1791
Preamble to the bill of rights of the Constitution of the United
States of America
Conventions of a number of States, having at the time of their
adopting the Constitution,
expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of
its powers, that further
declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as
extending the ground of public
confidence in the Government, will but ensure the beneficent ends
of its institution
RESOLVED...the following articles be ... part of the said
Constitution;
NOTE: THIS PREAMBLE IS NOT OFFICIALLY A PART OF THE
CONSTITUTION
ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY
THE
LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE
OF
THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION
AMENDMENT I (1791)
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press;
or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress
of grievances.
AMENDMENT II
(1791)
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free
State,the right of the people to
keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
AMENDMENT III
(1791)
No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house,
without the consent of the Owner,
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by
law.
AMENDMENT IV
(1791)
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
AMENDMENT V
(1791)
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising
in the land or naval forces, or
in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public
danger; nor shall any person be
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb; nor shall be compelled
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process_ of law; nor shall private property be taken
for public use, without just
compensation.
AMENDMENT VI
(1791)
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to
a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall
have been committed, which
district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be
informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
Assistance of Counsel for his
defense.
AMENDMENT VII
(1791)
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of
trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury,
shall be otherwise reexamined in any
Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the
common law.
AMENDMENT VIII
(1791)
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.
AMENDMENT IX
(1791)
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not
be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.
AMENDMENT X (1791)
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the
people.
AMENDMENT XI
(1795)
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
Citizens of another State,
or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
AMENDMENT XII
(1804)
The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by
ballot for President and Vice-
President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the
same state with themselves;
they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President,
and in distinct ballots the
person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct
lists of all persons voted for as
President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of
the number of votes for each,
which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the
seat of the government of the
United States, directed to the President of the Senate; - The
President of the Senate shall, in
presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
certificates and the votes
shall then be counted; - The person having the greatest number of
votes for President, shall be
the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of
the Electors appointed; and
if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having the
highest numbers not
exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the
House of Representatives shall
choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the votes shall be
taken by states, the representation from each state having one
vote; a quorum for this purpose
shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states,
and a majority of all the
states shall be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of
Representatives shall not choose a
President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them,
before the fourth day of March
next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as
in the case of the death or
other constitutional disability of the President. -] The person
having the greatest number of
votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such
number be a majority of the whole
number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority,
then from the two highest
numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a
quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a
majority of the whole number
shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally
ineligible to the office of
President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United
States.
AMENDMENT XIII
(1865)
SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any
place subject to their jurisdiction.
SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
AMENDMENT XIV
(1868)
SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein
they reside. No State shall make
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities
of citizens of the United
States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process
of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
SECTION 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
States according to their
respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each
State, excluding Indians not
taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of
electors for President and
Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress,
the Executive and Judicial
officers of a State or the members of the Legislature thereof, is
denied to any of the male
inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and
citizens of the United States, or in
any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the
number of such male
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
years of age in such State.
SECTION 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in
Congress, or elector of
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or
under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member
of Congress, or as an
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State
legislature, or as an executive
or Judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of
the United States, shall have
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid
or comfort to the enemies
thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House,
remove such disability
SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including
debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in
suppressing insurrection or
rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States
nor any State shall assume or
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States,
or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all
such debts, obligations and claims
shall be held illegal and void.
SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
legislation, the
provisions of this article.
AMENDMENT XV
(1870)
SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged
by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or
previous condition of
servitude.
SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
AMENDMENT XVI
(1913)
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on income,
from whatever source
derived, without apportionment among the several States, and
without regard to any census or
enumeration.
AMENDMENT XVII
(1913)
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each State, elected by
the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one
vote. The electors in each
state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the
most numerous branch of the State
legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the
Senate, the executive authority
of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies:
Provide, That the legislature of
any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary
appointments until the people
fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may
direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election
or term of any Senator
chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
Constitution.
AMENDMENT XVIII
(1919)
SECTION 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the
manufacture, sale, or
transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation
thereof into, or the exportation
thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the
jurisdiction thereof for beverage
purposes is hereby prohibited.
SECTION 2. The Congress and the several States shall have
concurrent power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment
to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as
provided in the Constitution,
within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the
States by the Congress.
AMENDMENT XIX
(1920)
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
AMENDMENT XX
(1933)
SECTION 1. The terms of the President and Vice-President shall end
at noon on the 20thday of
January, and the terms of senators and Representatives at noon on
the 3rdday of January, of the
years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not
been ratified; and the terms
of their successors shall then begin.
SECTION 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year,
and such meeting shall
begin at noon on the 3rdday of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different
day.
SECTION 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of
the President, the President
elect shall have died, the Vice-President elect shall become
President. If a President shall not
have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his
term, or if the President elect
shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President elect shall
act as President until a President
shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the
case wherein neither a
President elect nor a Vice-President elect shall have qualified,
declaring who then shall then act
as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be
selected, and such person shall
act accordingly until a President or Vice-President shall have
qualified.
SECTION 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the
death of any of the persons
from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President
whenever the right of choice
shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any
of the persons from whom
the Senate may choose a Vice-President whenever the right of choice
shall have devolved upon
them.
SECTION 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the
15thday of October following the
ratification of this article.
SECTION 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment
to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
several States within seven years
from the date of its submission.
AMENDMENT XXI
(1933)
SECTION 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution
of the United States is
hereby repealed.
SECTION 2. The transportation or importation into any State,
Territory, or possession of the
United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors,
in violation of the laws thereof,
is hereby prohibited.
SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States,
as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission
hereof to the States by the
Congress.
AMENDMENT XXII
(1951)
SECTION 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the
President more than twice, and no
person who has held the office of President, or acted as President,
for more than two years of a
term to which some other person was elected President shall be
elected to the office of
President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any
person holding the office of
President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall
not prevent any person who
may be holding the office of President, or acting as President,
during the term within which this
Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or
acting as President during the
remainder of such term.
SECTION 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment
to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
several States within seven years
from the date of its submission to the States by the
Congress.
AMENDMENT XXIII
(1961)
SECTION 1. The District constituting the seat of government of the
United States shall
appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice-President equal to the
whole number of Senators
and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be
entitled if it were a State, but in
no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in
addition to those appointed by the
States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the
election of President and VicePresident,
to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the
District and perform
such duties as provided by the twelfth article of
amendment.
SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment
by appropriate
legislation.
AMENDMENT XXIV
(1964)
SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in
any primary or other election
for President or Vice-President, or for Senator or Representative
in Congress, shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of
failure to pay any poll tax or
other tax.
SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment
by appropriate
legislation.
AMENDMENT XXV
(1967)
SECTION 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or
of his death or resignation,
the Vice-President shall become President.
SECTION 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the
Vice-President, the President
shall nominate a Vice-President who shall take office upon
confirmation by a majority vote of
both Houses of Congress.
SECTION 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro
tempore of the Senate and
the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration
that he is unable to
discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he
transmits to them a written
declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be
discharged by the Vice-President as
acting President.
SECTION 4. Whenever the Vice-President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the
executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law
provide, transmit to the
President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their
written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the
powers and duties of his office,
the Vice-President shall immediately assume the powers and duties
of the office as Acting
President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro
tempore of the senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration
that no inability exists, he shall
resume the powers and duties of his office unless the
Vice-President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the executive department or of such other
body as Congress may by law
provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of
the Senate and the Speaker of
the House of Representatives their written declaration that the
President is unable to discharge
the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon, Congress shall
decide the issue, assembling
within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the
Congress, within twenty-one
days after the receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if
Congress is not in session, within
twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines
by two-thirds vote of both
Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, the Vice-
President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President;
otherwise, the President
shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
AMENDMENT XXVI
(1971)
SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are (18)
eighteen years of age or
older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
or by any State on account of
age.
SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
“The poorest man may, in his cottage, bid defiance to all the
forces of the Crown. It may be
frail, its roof may shake; the wind may blow through it; the storm
may enter; the rain may enter;
but the King of England may not enter; all his force dares not
cross the threshhold of the ruined
tenement.”
This neglected warning, was sounded by William Pitt before the
British House of Commons
addressing the need for PRIVACY—the protection of LIFE, LIBERTY and
HAPPINESS. Will
it go unheeded?
PROCLAIM LIBERTY!
Inscribed on our hallowed LIBERTY BELL are these words “PROCLAIM
LIBERTY
THROUGHOUT ALL THE LAND UNTO ALL THE INHABITANTS
THEREOF.”
•Lev. XXV X
“Government is not reason; it is not eloquence; it is force! Like
fire, it is a dangerous servant
and a fearful master.”
•George Washington
“Woe to those who decree unjust statutes and to those who
continually record unjust decisions,
to deprive the needy of justice, and to rob the poor of My people
of their rights...”
•Isaiah 10:1,2
TAKING THE PLUNGE!
“My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge...!”
•Hosea 4:6
“The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for good men to do
nothing.”
•Edmund Burke 1729-1797
“If My people which are called by My name, shall humble themselves,
and pray, and seek My
face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from
Heaven, and will forgive their sin,
and will heal their land.”
•II Chron. 7:14
“We must obey GOD rather than men.”
•Acts 5:29
Dr. Benjamin
Rush
"Education is favorable to Liberty. Freedom can only
exist in a society of knowledge.Without learning, men are incapable of knowing their rights, and where learning is confined to a
few people, Liberty can neither be equal nor universal."
REACH OUT TO OTHERS
[Help Educate Family And Friends With This Page And The Links Below]
